RESUMEN
The decrease in children motor competence, with a consequent reduction in the levels of physical activities and fitness, impacting health negatively, has affected children across countries. In addition to consistent intervention strategies, it is necessary to use appropriate instruments. The Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK) is a reliable and low-cost motor coordination (MC) test used in several countries but lacking psychometric evidence in the Brazilian population. The present study investigates the factor structure of KTK in a Brazilian sample; and, compared four possibilities of calculating the factorial score of the test, precisely the sum of the scores, sum of the standard scores, weighted method, and the refined method. The participants of the study consisted of 565 volunteers (49.9% boys), from 5 to 10 (7.93 ± 1.51) years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) means of 17.04 (±2.81). The results showed that the KTK factor structure was adequate to the model for the total sample, by sex, and by age groups. However, the results did not confirm the invariance between sexes and age groups. Besides, our result showed that the sum of the raw scores of the subtests could be used as the factor score method in KTK. In the end, we conclude that the KTK is a valid test to measure the MC of Brazilian children and adolescents, with features that qualify it as a useful instrument both for research and for the practice.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Relative Age Effect (RAE) and Constituent Year Effect (CYE) seem to influence the process of training young tennis players. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of these effects in the ranking of junior tennis players of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and its influence on the score obtained by such tennis players. The results show the presence of the RAE and the CYE (p ≤ 0.05). The regression model identified that the variables "year" and "month" of birth predict the scores of athletes in the ITF ranking with an explained variance of 19%. In conclusion, the ranking composed of various age groups does not seem to be a classification strategy sensitive enough to prevent the RAE and the CYE among junior tennis players.
RESUMO O Efeito da Idade Relativa (EIR) e o Efeito do Ano Constituinte (EAC) parecem influenciar o processo de formação de jovens tenistas.O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a presença desses efeitos no ranking de tenistas juniores da InternationalTennisFederation (ITF) e sua influência na pontuação obtida pelos tenistas. Os resultados encontrados demonstram a presença do EIR e do EAC (p ≤ 0,05). O modelo de regressão identificou que as variáveis "ano" e "mês" de nascimento predizem a pontuação dos atletas no ranking da ITF com uma variância explicada de 19%. Em conclusão, o ranking formado por várias faixas etárias não tem se mostrado uma estratégia de classificação sensível o bastante para prevenir o EIR e o EAC entre os tenistas juniores.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tenis , Factores de Edad , Genética , Capacitación Profesional , AtletasRESUMEN
Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the influence of the technical skills level on the decision making of novice volleyball players on service, reception and set actions. The sample was composed of 80 novice athletes of school volleyball teams of both sexes. Based on the results from the Volleyball Skills Test Battery, the sample was divided into three groups: low, intermediate and high technical level, by means of One-Way ANOVA. The intermediate group was excluded from further analyses. Decision making was assessed with the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). For data analysis purposes, the independent student-t test was used, adopting significance level of p≤0.05. The results showed that players with low skill level in service and set actions also had lower performance on the decision-making test when compared to players with high technical level. On the other hand, in the reception action, no differences were found among groups. It was therefore concluded that the technical level seems to influence the decision making in service and set actions in novice volleyball players.
Resumo O estudo objetivou verificar a influência do nível da habilidade técnica na tomada de decisão de jogadores iniciantes de voleibol nas ações de saque, recepção e levantamento. A amostra foi composta por 80 atletas iniciantes de equipes escolares de voleibol de ambos os sexos. Com base nos resultados na Bateria de Testes de Habilidades de Voleibol, a amostra foi dividida em três grupos: baixo, intermediário e alto nível técnico, por meio da ANOVA One-Way. O grupo intermediário foi excluído das análises posteriores. A tomada de decisão foi avaliada por meio do Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Utilizou-se o teste t student independente para análise dos dados, adotando um nível de significância de p≤0,05. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que os jogadores com baixo nível de habilidade nas ações de saque e levantamento, também obtiveram um pior desempenho no teste de tomada de decisão quando comparado aos jogadores de alto nível técnico. Por outro lado, na ação de recepção, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclui-se que o nível técnico parece influenciar na tomada de decisão na ação de saque e levantamento dos jogadores iniciantes de voleibol.
